Historical and Archival Institute of the Russian State University for the Humanities (IAI RGGU listen)) is a higher educational institution as part of the Russian State University for the Humanities, which occupies the buildings of the former Printing House on Nikolskaya Street of Kitay-Gorod. Assignee (MGIAI), founded in 1930.
Faculties
The faculties of the Institute are located in the historical building of the IAI at the address: 103012, Moscow, st. Nikolskaya, 15, and in the main buildings of the Russian State Humanitarian University on Miusskaya Square at the address: 125993, GSP-3, Moscow, Miusskaya Square, 6.
Faculty of Archival Affairs (FAD)
One of the oldest faculties of the Historical and Archival Institute. Teaching is conducted in more than ten areas of undergraduate and graduate training.
Dean - Cand. ist. Sciences, Associate Professor Elena Petrovna Malysheva.
Faculty members:
- Department of the History of Russia in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times (Head - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Andrey Lvovich Yurganov);
- Department of Contemporary Russian History (Head - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Alexander Borisovich Bezborodov);
- Department of World History (Head - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Natalia Ivanovna Basovskaya);
- Department of Regional History and Local Lore (Head - Candidate of Historical Sciences, Professor Vladimir Fotievich Kozlov);
- Department of Archival Studies (Head - Candidate of Historical Sciences, Professor Elena Mikhailovna Burova);
- Department of History and Organization of Archival Affairs (Head - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Tatyana Innokentievna Khorkhordina);
- Educational and Scientific Center of Archaeography (Director - Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Director of the Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences Vitaly Yurievich Afiani).
Also, since 2011, as part of the Faculty of Archiving, by combining the Department of Source Studies (Head - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Valery Ivanovich Durnovtsev) and the Department of Auxiliary Historical Disciplines (Head - Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Pchelov Evgeny Vladimirovich) :
- Higher School of Source Studies, Auxiliary and Special Historical Disciplines (Head - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Sergey Mikhailovich Kashtanov).
Faculty of Document Science and Technotronic Archives (FDiTA)
It was created in 2013 by combining the Faculty of Records Science (founded in 1999) and the Faculty of Technotronic Archives and Documents (founded in 1994). Teaching is conducted in ten areas of undergraduate and graduate training.
Faculty members:
- Department of Documentation, Audiovisual and Scientific and Technical Archives (Head - Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Kukarina Yulia Mikhailovna)
- Department of the History of State Institutions and Public Organizations (Head - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Arkhipova Tatyana Grigoryevna)
- Department of Automated Documentation Management Systems (Head - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Larin Mikhail Vasilyevich)
- Laboratory of Documentation and Technotronic Archives (Head - Senior Researcher of the Research Sector Efimenko Elena Anatolyevna)
Faculty of History, Political Science and Law (FIPP)
The faculty was established in 1994. Teaching is conducted in seven areas of undergraduate and graduate studies: History, Political Science, Law, Advertising and Public Relations, Oriental and African Studies (Arabic, Chinese, Farsi), Hospitality and Tourism » .
Faculty members:
- Department of History and Theory of Historical Science (Head - Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Barysheva Elena Vladimirovna);
- Department of General Theoretical and Applied Political Science (Head - Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Borisov Nikolai Aleksandrovich);
- Department of History and Theory of State and Law (Head - Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor Ryazanov Evgeny Enkirovich);
- Department of Culture of Peace and Democracy (Head - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Logunov Alexander Petrovich);
- Department of Social Communications and Technologies (Head - Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor Mruz Sergey Vladimirovich);
- Department of Theory and Practice of Public Relations (Head - Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor Klyagin Sergey Vyacheslavovich);
- Department of the Modern East (acting head - candidate of historical sciences, associate professor Filin Nikita Alexandrovich);
- Department of Modern Tourism and Hospitality (acting head - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Logunov Alexander Petrovich);
- Educational and Scientific Mesoamerican Center. Yu. V. Knorozova (Director - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Ershova Galina Gavrilovna).
Faculty of International Relations and Foreign Regional Studies (FMOiZR)
The Faculty of International Relations and Foreign Regional Studies (FMOiZR) of the Historical and Archival Institute of the Russian State University for the Humanities was established in December 2015 on the basis of the Department of International Relations and Foreign Regional Studies that existed at the Russian State University for the Humanities since 2007. Teaching is conducted in two areas of preparation of undergraduate and graduate programs: "International Relations", "Foreign Regional Studies".
HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL INSTITUTE OF THE RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY FOR THE HUMANITIES is a department of a higher educational institution where scientific disciplines in history are taught and professional historians are trained.
The Institute of Archival Studies (since 1932 - the Historical and Archival Institute) was established by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On the opening of the Institute of Archival Studies under the Central Archival Administration of the USSR and on the transfer of the Cabinet of Archival Studies under the Central Archival Administration of the RSFSR to the jurisdiction of the Archival Administration of the USSR" dated September 30 1930. The decision was adopted on the basis of the petition of the head of the Central Administrative Center of the USSR M.N. Pokrovsky to the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Pokrovsky wrote: “The training of new scientific personnel requires the organization of a special higher archival educational institution, which is clearly beyond the power of individual archival departments of the Union republics ... For the training of scientific personnel, it is necessary to organize a special higher educational institution at the CAU - the Institute of Archival Studies - with a two-year course (such as a workers' faculty) and a preparatory one-year course for preliminary training in the institute of workers who do not have a general education qualification.
In a detailed note by the Deputy Head of the Central Aviation Administration of the USSR V.V. Maksakov and senior archivist-consultant M.S. Vishnevsky in the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, registered on July 10, 1930, was characterized by the unsatisfactory state of training of qualified archival workers, who were trained by the Archival Cycle at the 1st Moscow State University. The note substantiated the need to create a special higher educational institution - the Institute of Archival Studies at the CAU of the USSR. The TsAU asked to close the Archival cycle at the 1st Moscow State University and to transfer the funds released in connection with this to the disposal of the TsAU of the USSR. At the same time, a project was presented for the organization of the Institute of Archival Studies.
The Institute was opened 7 months after the publication of the Decree, when the first intake of students and trainees on April 1, 1931 crossed the threshold of classrooms in the building of the Central Agrarian University of the USSR on October 25 Street, 15 (now - Nikolskaya Street, 15).
On January 18, 1931, R.K. Lycite. Even before the start of classes at the Institute, he sent letters throughout the system of archival institutions of the country, where he asked to send two candidates to the new archival institution for each pre-booked student place provided to this institution.
The initial enrollment for the Institute was set at 125 full-time students and 60 in the evening.
At the end of July 1931, Licit delivered a report at a meeting of the heads of the archival departments of the RSFSR, and in early September, omissions were discovered in the preparation of the Institute for the new academic year. The commission appointed by the CAU checked and reported: “The Directorate of the Institute and the CAU staff did not use all the means at their disposal to create normal conditions for the Institute in the new academic year.”
No culprits were found in the CAU apparatus, and a change in the leadership of the Institute was carried out.
In August 1931, the scientific secretary S.M. Abalin.
In the first, 1931/1932 academic year, a two-year term of study was established. Soon, however, it became clear that the two-year period of study was insufficient for the fundamental training of an archivist. Therefore, already in the 1932/1933 academic year, the period of study was increased to 2.5 years, and in the 1933/1934 academic year, to 3 years.
Already in 1933, admission to the IAI was carried out in the following specialties:
“a) the head-organizer of archiving;
b) archivist-methodologist;
c) archivist editor, publisher and archivist for agitation and mass work;
d) teacher of archival and historical disciplines for archival courses and relevant universities;
e) scientists for the Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute (prepared according to special profiles and curricula)." (from the rules for admission to the IAI in 1933).
Entrance examinations were held in the following disciplines: political economy, physics and chemistry, Russian language, mathematics, general acquaintance with archival and historical literature.
CM. Abalin in 1933 asks the research department of the TsAU to help the Institute create in the near future:
Textbook on the methodology and technique of archival work, ed. M.S. Vishnevsky;
Textbook on the course "Archives and Archiving", ed. V.V. Maksakova;
Textbook on source study and methods of publishing documents.
Thus, 1931 - 1941 were a stage in the formation of the IAI.
In the first years, the structure of the Institute was formed: the Council of the Institute was created, three main departments - history and economic disciplines, archival science, foreign languages, as well as postgraduate studies, a laboratory, a scientific and methodological historical and archival study, a library.
The Institute, fulfilling the resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of September 19, 1932 "On Higher School and Technical Schools", introduced into the educational process the reading of systematic courses of lectures, seminars, tests, exams, the defense of theses (instead of the previously existing brigade-laboratory method of teaching, in which the student group worked on a certain topic, and only one student reported on its development).
However, in 1934, the Council of the Institute was forced to state that "the departments in their work did not ensure the linkage of historical disciplines with the main problems of archiving." With the realization of the importance of this problem, the unique image of the IAI begins to take shape.
The situation begins to slowly improve with the appointment in 1934 to the post of director of the IAI N.I. Sokolov. Under him, the question of who the Institute trains is actively discussed. The new director entered the battle with those who, following M.N. Pokrovsky, believed that it was necessary to train only ideological and politically savvy executives, giving them a maximum of historical disciplines and the necessary minimum of disciplines in their profile. N.I. Sokolov decided to restructure the curriculum. It was at this time that the direction was put forward for the production of not narrow (albeit well-savvy politically) specialists, but historians-archivists. In the 1934/1935 academic year, the term of study is increased to 4 years.
In addition, Sokolov's main task was to invite the best historians-researchers and professional archivists to the Institute. Representatives of a brilliant constellation of historians and archivists rose to the institute departments from the mid-1930s. Behind many of them were years of study and teaching in pre-revolutionary Russian universities, the authority of the scientific school they represented, and, most importantly, a reverent concern that the “candle” of scientific traditions, for which the system of Russian higher education was famous for centuries, was not extinguished.
During these years, a discussion took place on the issue of the essence of historical and archival education between A.N. Speransky and M.S. Vishnevsky - a methodologist-practitioner of archives, one of the founders of the Institute from 1936 to 1938 M.S. Vishnevsky led the fight against "underestimation and direct disregard for archival disciplines, which is transmitted to students and graduate students." He demanded a reduction in the hours of teaching general education and historical disciplines: "The tasks of our special archival university should not include the training of specialists in the history of the USSR." At the same time, he emphasized: “Historical science cannot develop without the correct organization of archives, without the presence of highly qualified specialists in state archives, without the scientific processing of archival materials, which are the main basis for the development of historical sciences.”
In 1938, the department of archival science was divided into two independent archival departments - the theory and practice of archival work (under the direction of G.D. Kostomarov), the history and organization of archiving (under the direction of V.V. Maksakov).
And in 1939, the Department of Auxiliary Historical Disciplines emerged from the Department of History and Organization of Archiving, headed by A.N. Speransky. The department of VID was also entrusted with teaching the history of state institutions.
However, by this time N.I. Sokolov was dismissed from the post of director of the Institute. The removal of Sokolov in July 1937 was due to the conclusions of the next commission, appointed by a special order for the TsAU with the aim of "checking the work of the Historical and Archival Institute in relation to teaching staff and the political and moral state of students." As early as April 8, 1933, the Presidium of the Central Control Commission and the People's Commissariat of the Republic of Kazakhstan adopted a decision on the next purge of the apparatus of the CAU of the USSR and the RSFSR, the archives and the Institute of Archiving. The commission created in connection with this obliged all employees of personnel bodies and the administration to prepare characteristics of the "political person" of each of the scientists and teachers. Almost simultaneously with N.I. Sokolov, at the end of 1937 - beginning of 1938, the deputy. Director for Academic Affairs A.E. Blumfeld, Professor K.A. Popov, M.S. Vishnevsky; a little earlier - A.M. Rakhlin, B.I. Anfilov. In addition, the inspectors, as recorded in the conclusions of the commission, have doubts about the “political face” of IAI graduate students N.V. Brzhostovskaya (who was expelled in 1939), K.G. Mityaeva, M.N. Shobukhov.
On this tragic note, the prehistory or the period of the formation of the IAI ends. And the following year, the IAI entered a new stage of its life - a heroic one, because the teachers of the Institute had to live and work between the "hammer" of power and the "anvil" of the scientist's honor.
Director of the IAI in July 1937 was appointed director of the Archive of the trade union movement K.O. Gulevich. He continued the tradition begun by Sokolov of inviting outstanding scientists and specialists to the Institute. Thus, in the 1930s, major specialists came to the departments of the university - historians and archivists. Archival disciplines were conducted by V.V., Maksakov, M.S. Vishnevsky, S.F. Ainberg-Zagryazskaya, B.I. Anfilov, O.E. Karnoukhova, A.M. Rakhlin, A.A. Sergeev, A.A. Shilov, postgraduate students of the Institute K.G. Mityaev, I.S. Chernov, M.N. Shobukhov. Yu.V. Gauthier, S.B. Veselovsky, V.I. Picheta, S.K. Bogoyavlensky, P.G. Lyubomirov, P.P. Smirnov, M.N. Tikhomirov, L.V. Cherepnin, N.V. Ustyugov, A.N. Speransky.
Thanks to Gulevich, A.A. Shilov, who was not published for several years, "Guidelines for the publication of documents of the XIX and early XX centuries." (M., 1939).
Already in 1939, the “Proceedings of the Historical and Archival Institute” were founded, the first volume of which was “Essays on the History of the Manufacture College” by D.S. Baburina (M., 1939).
Recall that at that time (in 1939) an independent department was created - auxiliary historical disciplines and the formation of the highest scientific prestige of the IAI took place around this department. It was no accident. After the inclusion of the archive system and the Institute under the subordination of the NKVD in 1938, the head of the GAU I.I. Nikitinsky referred the Institute to the "periphery of archives". The Department of Visual Arts successfully used a name that was unattractive to the authorities and formed its own “periphery on the periphery”. The high level of thinking and culture of the teachers of the department introduced students to real science. Thus, a unique research and teaching and educational whole organism was born, which was based on the scientific study of the Text, Document, Source in the broadest sense of the word. From this point of view, the IAI from 1938 to 1949 became a kind of "Freethinking Academy".
True, K.O. Gulevich no longer lived up to this. In 1939 he was arrested and shot. At a meeting with the head of the GAU NKVD of the USSR on November 16, 1939, I.I. Nikitinsky said: “Many oppositionists have been identified in the archival periphery. The Institute of History and Archives had a director, Gulevich, who in the past was the leader of the Shlyapnikov opposition in Poltava.”
The last thing K.O. Gulevich before his arrest, raised the question of introducing a 5-year term of study.
I.I. was appointed the new director of the IAI at the end of 1939. Martynov.
The years of the Great Patriotic War are a special period in the history of the Institute, when the historian P.P. Smirnov, on his own initiative, together with a small group of students and employees, saved the Institute, abandoned by Martynov to the mercy of fate, and brought it back to life. Already in October 1941, a message was heard on the pages of the central press and on the radio that the IAI continued to live and work according to the laws of war. In addition to classes in classrooms, teachers and students patrolled the streets of the city, dropping fascist incendiary bombs from rooftops, gave lectures and concerts in sponsored hospitals and schools.
On the call of P.P. Smirnov, A.N. returned to Moscow from Nizhny Novgorod. Speransky and A.V. Chernov. He himself came from Saratov V.V. Maksakov. I.L. Mayakovsky and A.I. Andreev.
Soon, and already under the leadership of the new director P.B. Zhibareva, the Institute almost completely resumed its scientific and educational activities.
In 1946, the contingent of admission to the university was set at 150 people for secondary school and 150 for part-time students.
The director of the IAI from October 1944 to January 1948 was D.S. Baburin.
In 1946-1947 an attempt was made to reorganize the Faculty of History and Archival Studies. It was divided into 2 faculties: historical archives and archives of the October Revolution. However, this reform of the structure of the Institute was unsuccessful, since the chronological gap in the teaching of special disciplines did not contribute to the comprehensive training of a specialist. This was especially true of working conditions in the archives in the most numerous regional link.
In 1947, the Institute was transferred from the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR to the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR.
In 1948, N.A. was appointed director of MGIAI. Elistratov, who forced A.I. Andreeva and L.V. Tcherepnin, organizing their persecution for "servile worship of the West."
In the second half of the 1940s and 1950s, there was a process of expanding the composition of academic disciplines.
In 1946, the Department of Archival Studies, united during the war years, was restored to the previously existing independent departments - the theory and practice of archival affairs under the leadership of I.L. Mayakovsky and the history and organization of archival affairs under the direction of V.V. Maksakov.
In the 1949/1950 academic year, a 5-year term of study was introduced, the question of which was raised as early as 1939.
In 1950, MGIAI was headed by A.S. Roslov.
In 1952, the Department of the History of State Institutions and Paperwork was formed, headed by A.V. Chernov. The Department of the History of State Institutions and Paperwork was formed from two groups of teachers - specialists in office work - K.G. Mityaev, V.L. Bushueva, L.I. Vartanyan; and specialists in the history of state institutions - A.V. Chernov, N.P. Eroshkin, B.G. Slitsan, Yu.V. Kulikov, A.A. Nelidov, V.A. Tsikulin. In 1957, the Department of Archeography was established under the leadership of M.S. Seleznev. Specializing in the department of TiPAD in archeography, M.S. Seleznev, E.M. Talman, D.M. Einstein, T.V. Ivnitskaya, L.I. Arapov formed the basis of the Department of Archaeography.
During this period, a strong teaching staff was formed at the Department of TiPAD - N.A. Pavlova, M.F. Petrovskaya, M.N. Shobukhov, N.A. Kovalchuk, N.A. Orlova, L.G. Syrchenko, A.A. Kuzin, K.I. Rudelson. A.A. Kuzin initiated the study of technical archives at the department. Later, N.G. Filippov, K.B. Gelman-Vinogradov, P.S. Preobrazhenskaya and L.M. Roshal.
At the Department of History and Organization of Archiving, there was also a backbone of teachers - V.V. Maksakov, A.V. Chernov, N.V. Brzhostovskaya, V.I. Vyalikov, G.A. Dremina, N.A. Ivnitsky, Yu.F. Kononov, I.P. Kozlitin.
Along with the lecture courses established in the previous period, new ones were read in the post-war years: on historical geography, the history of foreign archives, technical and film-photo-phono archives, and microphotocopying.
During this period, the departments of the Institute prepared and published such major textbooks and teaching aids as "Theory and Practice of Archiving in the USSR" (1958), "Methodological Guide to Archeography" (1958), "History and Organization of Paperwork in the USSR" K .G. Mityaeva (1959), "Technical Archives" (1956) and "Cinema Photo and Phono Archives" (1960) by A.A. Kuzina, "Essays on the history of state institutions of pre-revolutionary Russia" (1960), N.P. Eroshkin, “Historiography of the history of the USSR from ancient times to the Great October Socialist Revolution”, edited by V.E. Illeritsky and I.A. Kudryavtseva (1961).
In 1962, L.A. came to the leadership of MGIAI. Nikiforov.
In 1959, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a Resolution on the training at MGIAI of personnel of document specialists, organizers of managerial work and office work in state institutions, and in 1960 the department of Soviet office work was formed under the leadership of K.G. Mityaev. In 1964, the Faculty of Public Records Management was established. Special departments were created at the faculty - document management and organization of state office work, the basics of public administration, mechanization and automation of office work and archives.
In 1969, the Faculty of History and Archival Studies was renamed into the Faculty of Archives.
In 1964, the Department of Scientific and Technical Archives was formed under the leadership of A.A. Cousin. In the same year, the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the training of personnel for scientific and technical archives at the Historical and Archival Institute" was published.
In 1976, the Department of Scientific and Technical Information was created under the leadership of P.I. Nikitin. This direction of the Institute's activity ended with the introduction in 1977 of a new specialty - a document manager-organizer of scientific and technical information.
And in 1982, the Department of Scientific and Technical Information of the Faculty of Archives was transformed into the Faculty of Scientific and Technical Information; scientific and technical archives, standardization and patent science.
In 1975, an independent department of the history of state institutions and public organizations was created (under the leadership of I.P. Eroshkin).
In 1976, as rector of MGIAI S.I. Murashov, who forced 15 leading professors, associate professors and lecturers to leave the Institute, was replaced by N.P. Krasavchenko.
Among the main merits of N.P. Krasavchenko refers to his desire to return to the Institute professors and teachers who left under Murashov. He was the initiator and main organizer of the celebration of the Institute's half-century anniversary in 1981.
In 1978, a preparatory department and evening preparatory courses for young people working in archival bodies were created. In 1978, the faculty for advanced training of employees of archival institutions was opened.
During this period, the textbooks “Theory and Practice of Archiving” (M., 1980) were prepared and published, edited by F.I. Dolgikh, K.I. Rudelson; N.P. Eroshkin "History of state institutions of pre-revolutionary Russia" (M., 1968); M.N. Chernomorsky "Source study of the history of the USSR. Soviet period "(M., 1976), etc.
In the midst of perestroika, the Institute found itself at the epicenter of a struggle between various currents and opinions around the situation in the domestic archival business. Part of the apparatus of the allied Main Archives demanded that the learning process be reduced to a set of technical skills that are sufficient for an archival worker as a performer. At the same time, a group of teachers from MGIAI headed by the new rector Yu.N. Afanasiev, who came to this post in 1986, advocated a radical democratic reform of the entire national archive system. The liberal-minded scientists of MGIAI tried to raise the level of archival practice and archival education in order to include archivism within the framework of a single world cultural and information space.
Having joined the Russian State Humanitarian University in 1991, IAI began to develop on a qualitatively new basis - a synthetic university-type university based on historical, archeographic and archival science disciplines. In 1994, a department was created, which soon became the Faculty of History, Political Science and Law (Dean, Doctor of History, Prof. A.P. Logunov).
In 1994, the Faculty of Technotronic Archives and Documents separated from the Faculty of Archiving (Dean, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor V.M. Magidov).
In 1999, the Faculty of Records Management was established (Dean, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor T.G. Arkhipova).
The Historical and Archival Institute of the Russian State University for the Humanities intertwined the traditions of Russian liberal arts education and the fundamental training of archivist historians with a broad outlook and the ability to put into practice the skills of identifying, organizing and researching archival sources.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Historical and Archival Institute of the Russian State University for the Humanities (IAI RGGU) |
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Historical and Archival Institute of the Russian State University for the Humanities (IAI RGGU listen)) is a higher educational institution as part of the Russian State University for the Humanities, which occupies the buildings of the former Printing House on Nikolskaya Street of Kitay-Gorod. Assignee (MGIAI), founded in 1930.
Faculties
All faculties, except for the Faculty of History, Political Science and Law, are located at: 103012, Moscow, st. Nikolskaya, 7, 9 and 15. The Faculty of History, Political Science and Law is located in the main building complex of the Russian State Humanitarian University at the address: 125047, Miusskaya Square, 6k5.
Faculty of archiving
Faculty members:
- Department of the History of Russia in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times (Head Andrey Lvovich Yurganov);
- Department of Contemporary Russian History (Head Alexander Bezborodov);
- Department of General History (Head Natalia Ivanovna Basovskaya);
- Department of Regional History and Local Lore; foreign languages; history and organization of archives;
- Department of archeography;
- Higher School of Source Studies, Auxiliary and Special Historical Disciplines.
Faculty of Records Science and Technotronic Archives
It was created in 2013 by combining the Faculty of Records Science (founded in 1999) and the Faculty of Technotronic Archives and Documents (founded in 1994). Dean - Dr. i. n., prof. G. N. Lanskoy.
Faculty members:
- Department of Documentation;
- Department of History of State Institutions and Public Organizations;
- Department of Automated Systems for Documentation Support of Management;
- Documentation laboratory.
- Department of Audiovisual Documents and Archives (head - V. M. Magidov);
- Department of Scientific, Technical and Economic Documents and Archives;
- Department of Electronic Documents Archives and Technologies;
- Laboratory of scientific and technical, film and photo documents and micrography;
- Methodical office.
Faculty of History, Political Science and Law of the Russian State University for the Humanities
The faculty was established in 1994. Dean - Doctor of History, prof. A. P. Logunov. Teaching is conducted in seven specialties: history, political science, law, advertising and public relations, oriental studies, hotel business and tourism.
Faculty members:
- Department of Modern Russian History (Head - Lukyanov Dmitry Viktorovich);
- Department of History and Theory of Historical Science (head - Barysheva Elena Vladimirovna);
- Department of General Theoretical and Applied Political Science (Head - Borisov Nikolay Aleksandrovich);
- Department of History and Theory of State and Law (head - Ryazanov Evgeny Enkirovich);
- Department of Culture of Peace and Democracy (Head - Logunov Alexander Petrovich);
- Department of Social Communications and Technologies (head - Mruz Sergey Vladimirovich);
- Department of Theory and Practice of Public Relations (head - Klyagin Sergey Vyacheslavovich);
- Department of the Modern East (head - Grishachev, Sergey Viktorovich);
- Educational and Scientific Mesoamerican Center. Yu. V. Knorozova (director - Ershova Galina Gavrilovna).
Department of Local History and Historical and Cultural Tourism
Department composition:
- Department of Moscow Studies (founder - Doctor of Historical Sciences, current member of the Russian Academy of Education S. O. Schmidt, head - Candidate of Historical Sciences A. G. Smirnova);
- Department of Regional History and Local Lore (Head - Candidate of Historical Sciences V. F. Kozlov);
- Educational and Scientific Center for Local History and Moscow Studies (Director until 2013 - Doctor of Historical Sciences, active member of the Russian Academy of Education S. O. Schmidt).
Higher School of Document Science and Document Management
Educational and Scientific Center for Training, Retraining and Advanced Training "Archival School"
Faculty of International Relations and Foreign Regional Studies
Institute directors
- Starostin, Evgeny Vasilyevich (1992-1996)
- Bezborodov, Alexander Borisovich (1996-present)
Sources
- Khorkhordina T. I. Roots and crown: Strokes to the portrait of the Historical and Archival Institute. (1930-1991) M.: RGGU, 1997. - 99 p.
“You killed him,” Stella whispered sadly.
I froze, staring at my girlfriend ... This was not said by the “sunny” Stella, who was well known to me, who “without fail” felt sorry for everyone, and would never make anyone suffer! .. But, apparently, the pain of loss, like me, it aroused in her an unconscious feeling of anger “at everyone and everything”, and the baby was not yet able to control it in herself.
– Me?!.. – exclaimed the stranger. But that can't be true! I have never killed anyone!
We felt that he was telling the pure truth, and we knew that we had no right to shift the blame on him. Therefore, without even saying a word, we smiled together and immediately tried to quickly explain what really happened here.
The man was in a state of absolute shock for a long time ... Apparently, everything he heard sounded wild to him, and certainly did not coincide with what he really was, and how he treated such a terrible evil that did not fit into normal human frames. ...
- How can I compensate for all this?! .. After all, I can’t do it? And how to live with it?!.. - he clutched his head... - How many I killed, tell me!.. Can anyone say that? What about your friends? Why did they go for it? But why?!!!..
- So that you can live as you should ... As you wanted ... And not as someone wanted ... To kill the Evil that killed others. Because, probably ... - Stella said sadly.
“Forgive me, dear ones... Forgive me... If you can...” the man looked completely killed, and I was suddenly “pricked” with a very bad premonition...
- Well, I do not! I exclaimed indignantly. “Now you must live!” Do you want to nullify all their sacrifice?! Don't even dare to think! Now you will do good instead of them! That will be right. And leaving is the easiest thing. And you no longer have that right.
The stranger stared at me dumbfounded, apparently not expecting such a violent outburst of "righteous" indignation. And then he smiled sadly and said quietly:
- How did you love them! .. Who are you, girl?
My throat was very tight and for some time I could not squeeze out a word. It was very painful because of such a heavy loss, and, at the same time, I was sad for this "restless" person, who would be oh so difficult to exist with such a burden...
- I am Svetlana. And this is Stella. We're just walking around here. We visit friends or help someone when we can. True, now there are no friends left ...
- Forgive me, Svetlana. Although it probably won't change anything if I ask your forgiveness every time... What happened happened, and I can't change anything. But I can change what happens, can't I? - the man glared at me with his blue eyes, like the sky, and, smiling, with a sad smile, said: - And one more thing ... You say that I am free in my choice? .. But it turns out - not so free, dear .. Rather, it looks like atonement for guilt ... With which I agree, of course. But it's your choice that I have to live for your friends. Because they gave their lives for me.... But I didn't ask for it, did I?.. Therefore, it's not my choice...
I looked at him, completely dumbfounded, and instead of “proud indignation” that was ready to immediately escape from my lips, I gradually began to understand what he was talking about ... No matter how strange or insulting it may sound - but all this was the real truth! Even if I didn't like it at all...
Yes, I was very hurt for my friends, for the fact that I would never see them again ... that I would no longer have our wonderful, “eternal” conversations with my friend Luminary, in his strange cave filled with light and warmth ... that the funny places found by Dean will no longer be shown to us by laughter Maria, and her laughter will not sound like a cheerful bell ... And it was especially painful that this completely unfamiliar person would now live instead of them ...
But, again, on the other hand, he did not ask us to interfere ... He did not ask us to die for him. Didn't want to take someone's life. And now he will have to live with this heaviest burden, trying to “pay off” with his future actions the guilt, which in reality was not his fault ... Rather, it was the fault of that terrible, unearthly creature who, having captured the essence of our stranger, killed "right and left."
But it certainly wasn't his fault...
How was it possible to decide who was right and who was wrong, if the same truth was on both sides? somehow decide only between “yes” and “no” ... Since in each of our actions there were too many different sides and opinions, and it seemed incredibly difficult to find the right answer, which would be right for everyone ...
The Institute of Archival Studies was founded in 1930. It was housed in the building of the former Synodal Printing House, where various archival institutions were located after the revolution. In 1932, it was renamed the Historical and Archival Institute named after. M. N. Pokrovsky. From 1938 to 1953 the Institute was under the jurisdiction of the NKVD.
Background: Transformations of the Archives Service
In the first years of Soviet power, the situation with archival research was relatively favorable: for example, the well-known historian, academician S.F. Platonov, who did not sympathize with the new government at all, at the same time noted:
The general process of destruction, in which the process of creation is not yet outlined, oddly enough, had a life-giving effect on archival work... business success.
The reason for this statement by Platonov was, apparently, that although archival documents in the process of breaking the old system, redistributing property, settling new Soviet institutions in old premises were obviously exposed to various kinds of dangers, it was at this time that many historians turned to archival work, the most depoliticized of all possible historical occupations of the early 1920s. With the participation of "old" scientists, the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR "On the reorganization and centralization of archives" dated June 1, 1918 was also prepared. D. B. Ryazanov became the first head of the Main Directorate of Archives. Many well-known historians collaborated with the Main Archive: for example, in Moscow S. V. Bakhrushin, M. M. Bogoslovsky, S. K. Bogoyavlensky, S. B. Veselovsky, Yu. V. Gotye, A. A. Kizevetter, N. P. Likhachev, M. K. Lyubavsky, B. I. Nikolaevsky, V. I. Picheta, N. V. Rozhdestvensky, A. N. Savin, A. I. Sobolevsky, D. V. Tsvetaev and others (many of them would later be arrested in the “case of the Academy of Sciences”).
In the autumn of 1920, D. B. Ryazanov was removed from the post of head of the Main Archive, and his place was taken by an influential historian, founder of the Communist Academy and M. N. Pokrovsky, who did not welcome cooperation with the pre-revolutionary intelligentsia, and in archival work emphasized the political significance of the archives preserved in them. documents. The beginning of the politicization of the archive system was laid. There was also a tendency to replace specialists with the necessary qualifications, but "class aliens": by 1927, half of the employees of local archival institutions did not even have a secondary education, but they had a "correct" origin and were "politically reliable". However, the heads of the Main Archive in personnel matters were even less radical than their counterparts in other areas: it was publicly proclaimed that “aged specialists” in “archival and technical” positions should be replaced gradually, as specially trained young workers, selected according to "class-party sign." At the II Congress of Archival Workers, held in 1929, M.N. Pokrovsky also spoke about the fact that, with the unconditional priority of the political significance of the archives, they still remain research institutions, and should also strive to expand the publication of documents (Khorhordina T. I. History and archives. M., 1994). However, this slogan remained in the past as a result of the repressive campaign launched in the same year against historians, local historians and archivists of the old school in the framework of the “case of the Academy of Sciences” (in which, by a strange irony, Pokrovsky himself played an important role).
In 1929, the archival service was transformed into the Central Archival Administration of the USSR (see the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of April 10, 1929). M. N. Pokrovsky remained its leader until his death in 1932.
Then, in 1932-1937, it was headed by J. A. Berzin (Berzins-Ziemelis), who was removed in connection with his arrest and shot in 1938 (according to other sources, he died in prison in 1941).
The Institute of Archives was founded on September 30, 1930. It was housed in the premises of the Synodal Printing House, closed in 1917 and built in 1811–1815. After the revolution, various archival institutions were located here. The initiators of the creation of the Institute were archivist historians V. V. Maksakov and M. S. Vishnevsky, who in July 1930 drew up a note on the need to create a special higher educational institution - the Institute of Archiving under the Central Archival Administration. The idea of establishing the institute was supported by Pokrovsky. In 1932, the Institute was renamed the Historical and Archival Institute (IAI) named after. Pokrovsky.
Teaching at the institute was reduced to the narrowing of specialization as much as possible: any attempts to deal with history in a broader sense than was implied in the name of the institute were condemned. In addition, archival activity was understood most narrowly. In 1931, the journal Proletarian Revolution published Stalin's letter "On Some Questions in the History of Bolshevism", in which he stated that the historian should write history in the interests of his class and party, and those who sought to find documentary evidence of their hypotheses, called them "archival rats". This was a kind of result of the “affairs of the Academy of Sciences”.
In June 1935, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution “On the unsatisfactory state of archives in the USSR”, which contained a clause that read: “Pending the complete streamlining of archives, it is necessary to revise the publishing work plan of the CAU in order to reduce” (Khorhordina T.I. Managers . Attempts to include a specialty in the publication of archival documents in the curriculum of the institute also, as expected, met with resistance.
From the memorandum of V. Merkulov, P. Shariy, I. Nikitinsky, D. Belov to the Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L. P. Beria
[Not earlier than February 27, 1939]
<…>One of the close people of Sokolov [the director of the IAI] was the current head of the Department of the History of the Peoples of the USSR - I. V. Kuznetsov, who all the time sought to turn the institute from a special educational institution that trains archival specialists into an institute that graduates historians in general. The directorate of the institute and the State Agrarian University not only did not oppose these aspirations of Kuznetsov, but, in order not to leave his department without graduate students, they came up with a non-existent specialty, creating a graduate school "on the publication of archival materials."<…>
According to A.P. Gudzinskaya, who graduated from the Institute of History and Archives in 1947, students were not taught to work with Soviet documents:
No, [Soviet source studies] were not read. It was then too taboo, too poignant. What sources could we provide then? None. And for a long, long, long time after that. Also none. Therefore, no, we did not have such a topic.
Publications of documents from the fund of the Main Archive (GARF. F. 5325) belonging to the Historical and Archival Institute, indicate that in the 1930s the atmosphere at the institute was difficult: denunciations, letters to the NKVD and SNK, commissions to verify the activities of the institute, and “cleansing” among employees were not uncommon.
In September 1934, the “old Bolshevik” N. I. Sokolov was appointed to the post of director of the IAI, who actively took up the fight against “class alien” elements within the institute. Regular checks were made on the social origin and political reliability of students and teachers. The following were dismissed: teacher Zevakin (in December 1934) - for perverting the teaching of the history of the USSR (which was expressed in the assertion that the revolution of 1905 failed due to the fact that the Bolshevik party was not active, and also in the fact that he recognized the peasant revolutionary movements). teacher of the new history of the Incerts (in April 1935) - in connection with the accusations of the control commission; teacher of economic policy Ustinov (in September 1935) - for the wrong method of teaching and for the mistakes made of a political nature (he claimed that the dictatorship of the proletariat would be eliminated by the end of the 2nd five-year plan); professor at the History of the USSR course Milman (in April 1935) - since he was arrested; Diamat teacher Polozov (in January 1936) - for mistakes in teaching; consultant on the special subject of archival affairs Lapin (in September 1935) - in connection with the arrest of his son, who was suspected of sabotage (Romanova V. Yu. Central state archives of Moscow and Leningrad: personnel policy at the end 1920s - 1930s years: Dis. … cand. ist. Sciences. M., 2006).
On July 11, 1937, N. I. Sokolov himself was removed from his post: the commission of the Central Archival Administration, which checked the activities of the institute, recognized his work as unsatisfactory. Probably, there were also personal motives here - for example, the chairman of the verification commission was F.A. Sidorov, a former student of the IAI, who quickly made a career in the Central Archival Administration, who in the past had a conflict with the director of the institute. Old-fashioned but formidable accusations were also brought against Sokolov. In particular, he was charged with the fact that in 1928 at the congress of trade unions he voted against the inclusion of Kaganovich in the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. However, there is no information that Sokolov was subsequently arrested.
With the resignation of director Sokolov, the inspections of the institute did not stop at all. Thus, the December audit of 1937 revealed "unreliable" graduate students of the institute, including N. V. Brzhostovskaya ("hiding her origins from the nobility").
On April 16, 1938, the Central Archival Administration was transferred to the jurisdiction of the NKVD (before that, it had been briefly subordinate to the People's Commissariat of Education, and since 1921 - to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee). In this regard, another personnel “cleansing” was carried out among archival employees. The Institute of History and Archives, being a structural subdivision of the Main Archive, also turned out to be subordinate to the NKVD. The archival business, thus, turned out to be officially recognized as a completely state-controlled region. After the transformation of the NKVD in 1948, the archival department was subordinate to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and only in 1960 received a relatively “demilitarized” departmental affiliation - it turned out to be subordinate to the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
Separate dissatisfaction of the commission of the NKVD, which conducted a survey of the institute in connection with its reassignment, caused the name of M. N. Pokrovsky on the sign of the institute - the most influential historian of the 1920s from the mid-1930s was in disgrace.
One of the founders of the institute, M. S. Vishnevsky, was "cleaned" from the institute in May 1938. When he was fired, they took away the manuscript of a textbook on archival affairs, which he considered his life's work. The manuscript was handed over for completion to assigned workers in the amount of 28 people (“The students ask that the NKVD organs restore Bolshevik order at the institute” ...). A month after these events, M. S. Vishnevsky died.
At the end of 1938, the so-called “case of the Historical and Archival Institute” was launched against the director, professional archivist K. S. Gulevich. It began with a letter from a number of students addressed to L.P. Beria. Inspection began at the institute. The head of the CAU, N. V. Maltsev, without waiting for the results of the activities of the verification commission, removed K. S. Gulevich from the post of director of the IAI, and then, deciding that it was premature, since the commission of the Central Archival Administration did not draw serious and threatening conclusions, appointed him back to the post. On February 23, the students again sent a letter to Beria:
Statement by students of the Historical and Archival Institute of the GAU NKVD of the USSR to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria
February 23, 1939
... the situation at the institute is exceptionally bad. The director of the institute is a certain Gulevich, a very suspicious person.
Nepotism reigns at the institute, self-criticism is suppressed, and the atmosphere is musty. The teaching staff is messed up. For some reason, the best teachers, with the help of Gulevich and with the approval of Maltsev, are replaced by the worst. Gulevich strongly supported the teacher of philosophy Telezhnikov ... On November 5, Gulevich awarded Telezhnikov as an excellent teacher, and on November 7, Telezhnikov was arrested as an enemy of the people by the NKVD. Telezhnikov is the son of a White Guard, his two brothers served in Kolchak's army.<…>GARF. F. 5325. Op. 2. D. 3559. L. 41–44
Cit. according to: "Students ask that the NKVD bodies restore Bolshevik order at the institute" ...
The institute began to be checked by a new commission, this time formed directly from the NKVD, which drew the most unfavorable conclusions. As a result, N.V. Maltsev, the head of the TsAU, was fired. In June 1939, the director of the institute, K.S. Gulevich, was fired and immediately arrested.
In his place was appointed a former staff member of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD I. I. Martynov.
At the beginning of 1939, B. I. Anfilov was dismissed from the institute and from the Central Archival Administration in general, who developed the theoretical principles for the acquisition of state archives, which would be implemented in the 1950s and 1960s. He was not assigned a pension and was left virtually without a livelihood. B. I. Anfilov died two years later.
V. V. Maksakov, who stood at the origins of the institute, was also subjected to constant attacks and terrible accusations at that time. In 1937, he was on the verge of arrest and, according to his daughter L.V. Maksakova, her mother insisted that they temporarily leave Moscow (although they did not cease to be afraid of arrest in a new place) (Khorhordina T.I. Managers State Archival Service of Russia // Bulletin of the archivist. 2008. No. 2). Attempts to dismiss Maksakov from the Institute continued in the future.
From the memorandum of the head of the Personnel Department of the GAU NKVD of the USSR K. I. Udalts to the Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR S. N. Kruglov on the implementation of the work plan for the Personnel Department of the GAU NKVD for the 1st quarter of 1940
April 11, 1940
<…>During the reporting quarter, as a result of a special check both in the bodies of the NKVD UB and in the archives, 38 people were identified from among the socially alien and adherent element, of which:<…>according to the Historical and Archival Institute
Item 1. Professor Maksakov VV comes from a family of a clergyman. Maksakov's brother was also a clergyman. A special check carried out established that Maksakov had been actively fighting against the Bolsheviks for a number of years, before the October Revolution. Actively spoke in the press during the imperialist war against Lenin's slogan about turning the imperialist war into a civil war.
After the February Revolution, he was the editor of K.-R. newspaper "Rannee Utro", in which he praised the provisional government, endorsing the arrest of the Bolsheviks. Published in this newspaper k.-r. slander on V. I. Lenin, called him a German spy.
After the October Revolution, he demanded freedom of the press for all K.-R. parties. In 1919 he joined a group of Menshevik-internationalists.
According to intelligence and investigative materials available in the 2nd department of the NKVD GUGB, Maksakov was a member of the K.-R. a Trotskyist group that has operated in the TsAU system over the past few years and has been carrying out active wrecking work. The testimony of the arrested Waldbach establishes that Maksakov and other Trotskyists in the K.-R. for the purpose, they stole the documents they needed from the archives of the CAU.
Maksakov V.V. is being developed by the 2nd department of the NKVD GUGB as an active rightist.
To be replaced.
Head of the Personnel Department of the GAU NKVD of the USSR
Lieutenant Mrs. Security Daredevil
House 15
Historical and Archival Institute of the Russian State University for the Humanities (IAI RGGU listen)) is a higher educational institution as part of the Russian State University for the Humanities, which occupies the buildings of the former Printing House on Nikolskaya Street of Kitay-Gorod. Assignee (MGIAI), founded in 1930.
Faculties
All faculties, except for the Faculty of History, Political Science and Law, are located at: 103012, Moscow, st. Nikolskaya, 7, 9 and 15. The Faculty of History, Political Science and Law is located in the main building complex of the Russian State Humanitarian University at the address: 125047, Miusskaya Square, 6k5.
Faculty of archiving
Faculty members:
- Department of the History of Russia in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times (Head Andrey Lvovich Yurganov);
- Department of Contemporary Russian History (Head Alexander Bezborodov);
- Department of General History (Head Natalia Ivanovna Basovskaya);
- Department of Regional History and Local Lore; foreign languages; history and organization of archives;
- Department of archeography;
- Higher School of Source Studies, Auxiliary and Special Historical Disciplines.
Faculty of Records Science and Technotronic Archives
It was created in 2013 by combining the Faculty of Records Science (founded in 1999) and the Faculty of Technotronic Archives and Documents (founded in 1994). Dean - Dr. i. n., prof. G. N. Lanskoy.
Faculty members:
- Department of Documentation;
- Department of History of State Institutions and Public Organizations;
- Department of Automated Systems for Documentation Support of Management;
- Documentation laboratory.
- Department of Audiovisual Documents and Archives (head - V. M. Magidov);
- Department of Scientific, Technical and Economic Documents and Archives;
- Department of Electronic Documents Archives and Technologies;
- Laboratory of scientific and technical, film and photo documents and micrography;
- Methodical office.
Faculty of History, Political Science and Law of the Russian State University for the Humanities
The faculty was established in 1994. Dean - Doctor of History, prof. A. P. Logunov. Teaching is conducted in seven specialties: history, political science, law, advertising and public relations, oriental studies, hotel business and tourism.
Faculty members:
- Department of Modern Russian History (Head - Lukyanov Dmitry Viktorovich);
- Department of History and Theory of Historical Science (head - Barysheva Elena Vladimirovna);
- Department of General Theoretical and Applied Political Science (Head - Borisov Nikolay Aleksandrovich);
- Department of History and Theory of State and Law (head - Ryazanov Evgeny Enkirovich);
- Department of Culture of Peace and Democracy (Head - Logunov Alexander Petrovich);
- Department of Social Communications and Technologies (head - Mruz Sergey Vladimirovich);
- Department of Theory and Practice of Public Relations (head - Klyagin Sergey Vyacheslavovich);
- Department of the Modern East (head - Grishachev, Sergey Viktorovich);
- Educational and Scientific Mesoamerican Center. Yu. V. Knorozova (director - Ershova Galina Gavrilovna).
Department of Local History and Historical and Cultural Tourism
Department composition:
- Department of Moscow Studies (founder - Doctor of Historical Sciences, current member of the Russian Academy of Education S. O. Schmidt, head - Candidate of Historical Sciences A. G. Smirnova);
- Department of Regional History and Local Lore (Head - Candidate of Historical Sciences V. F. Kozlov);
- Educational and Scientific Center for Local History and Moscow Studies (Director until 2013 - Doctor of Historical Sciences, active member of the Russian Academy of Education S. O. Schmidt).
Higher School of Document Science and Document Management
Educational and Scientific Center for Training, Retraining and Advanced Training "Archival School"
Faculty of International Relations and Foreign Regional Studies
Institute directors
- Starostin, Evgeny Vasilyevich (1992-1996)
- Bezborodov, Alexander Borisovich (1996-present)
Sources
- Khorkhordina T. I. Roots and crown: Strokes to the portrait of the Historical and Archival Institute. (1930-1991) M.: RGGU, 1997. - 99 p.
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An excerpt characterizing the Historical and Archival Institute of the Russian State University for the Humanities
All Pierre's gaiety vanished. He anxiously questioned the princess, asked her to express everything, to confide her grief to him; but she only repeated that she asked him to forget what she said, that she did not remember what she said, and that she had no grief, except for what he knows - grief that the marriage of Prince Andrei threatened to quarrel her father with son.Have you heard about the Rostovs? she asked to change the conversation. “I was told that they would be coming soon. I also wait for Andre every day. I would like them to meet here.
How does he look at the matter now? asked Pierre, by which he meant the old prince. Princess Mary shook her head.
– But what to do? The year is only a few months away. And it can't be. I would only wish to spare my brother the first few minutes. I wish they would come sooner. I hope to get along with her. You have known them for a long time, - said Princess Marya, - tell me, hand on heart, the whole true truth, what kind of girl is this and how do you find her? But the whole truth; because, you understand, Andrei risks so much by doing this against the will of his father that I would like to know ...
An obscure instinct told Pierre that in these reservations and repeated requests to tell the whole truth, Princess Mary's hostility towards her future daughter-in-law was expressed, that she wanted Pierre not to approve of Prince Andrei's choice; but Pierre said what he felt rather than thought.
"I don't know how to answer your question," he said, blushing, not knowing why. “I definitely don’t know what kind of girl this is; I can't analyze it at all. She is charming. And why, I do not know: that's all that can be said about her. - Princess Mary sighed and the expression on her face said: "Yes, I expected this and was afraid."
- Is she smart? asked Princess Mary. Pierre considered.
“I think not,” he said, “but yes. She does not deign to be smart ... No, she is charming, and nothing more. Princess Mary again shook her head disapprovingly.
“Oh, I so desire to love her!” Tell her that if you see her before me.
“I heard that they will be in the next few days,” said Pierre.
Princess Marya told Pierre her plan of how, as soon as the Rostovs arrived, she would get close to her future daughter-in-law and try to accustom the old prince to her.
Marrying a rich bride in St. Petersburg did not work out for Boris and he came to Moscow for the same purpose. In Moscow, Boris was in indecision between the two richest brides - Julie and Princess Mary. Although Princess Mary, despite her ugliness, seemed to him more attractive than Julie, for some reason he was embarrassed to look after Bolkonskaya. On her last meeting with her, on the old prince's name day, to all his attempts to talk to her about feelings, she answered him inappropriately and obviously did not listen to him.
Julie, on the contrary, although in a special way, peculiar to her alone, but willingly accepted his courtship.
Julie was 27 years old. After the death of her brothers, she became very rich. She was now completely ugly; but I thought that she was not only just as good, but much more attractive than she had been before. She was supported in this delusion by the fact that, firstly, she became a very rich bride, and, secondly, that the older she became, the safer she was for men, the freer it was for men to treat her and, without assuming any obligations, enjoy her dinners, evenings and lively society, gathering with her. A man who ten years ago would have been afraid to go every day to the house where there was a 17-year-old young lady, so as not to compromise her and not to tie himself up, now went to her boldly every day and treated her not as a young lady, but as a a friend who has no gender.
The Karagins' house was the most pleasant and hospitable house in Moscow that winter. In addition to parties and dinners, every day a large company gathered at the Karagins, especially men who had dinner at 12 o'clock in the morning and stayed up until 3 o'clock. There was no ball, festivities, theater that Julie would miss. Her toilets were always the most fashionable. But, despite this, Julie seemed disappointed in everything, told everyone that she did not believe in friendship, or in love, or in any joys of life, and expected peace only there. She adopted the tone of a girl who has suffered great disappointment, a girl who seems to have lost a loved one or was cruelly deceived by him. Although nothing like this happened to her, they looked at her as such, and she herself even believed that she had suffered a lot in life. This melancholy, which did not prevent her from having fun, did not prevent the young people who visited her from having a good time. Each guest, coming to them, gave his debt to the melancholy mood of the hostess and then engaged in secular conversations, and dances, and mental games, and burime tournaments, which were in vogue with the Karagins. Only some young people, including Boris, went deeper into Julie's melancholy mood, and with these young people she had longer and more solitary conversations about the futility of everything worldly, and to them she opened her albums covered with sad images, sayings and poems.
